The other kind of surgery simulator is a screen-based surgery simulator. This can be combined with a mannequin, as one learns laparoscopic suturing, for example. What the student sees: A screen that resembles what they’d see on a real laparoscopic surgery. What the student feels: Their hands work with real tools on a mannequin. Voxel-Man Dental is a new kind of dental simulator, based on virtual reality technology. Students are working on simulated patient cases with a look and feel close to a real procedure, training both their manual dexterity and problem solving skills. Real dentist surgery simulator cost calculator.

You can help Hungry Shark Evolution Wiki by expanding it. Hungry Shark Evolution is an iPhone and Android Games App, made by Ubisoft. Today, it has gone through many interations by the developers - Ubisoft, with the latest current version being 7.4.0 which was officially released on 2020-03-04.

The ichthys symbol, or Jesus fish, typically used to proclaim an affiliation with or affinity for Christianity, has many variations. Some of these are made by Christians in order to promote a specific doctrine or theological perspective, such as evolutionary creation. Other variations are sometimes intended for the purpose of satire. Both the traditional ichthys fish as well as its variations, are often seen adorning the bumpers or trunks of automobiles, often in the form of adhesive badges made of chrome-colored plastic. While the fish symbol dates back millennia, the many variations known today first appeared in the 1980s.

Ichthys symbol[edit]

An ancient Hellenistic Christian slogan espoused the Greek acronym/acrostic^[1]ΙΧΘΥΣ (ichthys) for 'Ἰησοῦς Χριστός, Θεοῦ Υἱός, Σωτήρ' ('Iēsous Christos, Theou Yios, Sōtēr'), which translates into English as 'JesusChrist, Son of God, Saviour'; the Greek word ichthys translating to 'fish' in English. The first appearances of fish symbols as adopted in Christian art and literature date to the 2nd century CE. Some modern fish symbol variations, called the Jesus fish, contain the English word Jesus in the center, or are empty entirely.^[2]

Parodies[edit]

Jeroen Temperman states that there are 'variations on this Ichthys symbol. Some variations add feet to the fish and inscribe Darwin in the body. Others make reference to sushi, sharks, the food chain, fast food, the devil or death. How are we to interpret these variations? These adaptations are themselves susceptible to multiple interpretations, ranging from humour to critique, to mocking derision, to blasphemy.'^[2] Among such parodies are the Darwin fish, often displayed by 'atheists and freethinkers' in the United States,^[3] and the Fish-hungry shark, displayed by Muslims in Egypt.^[4]

Darwin fish[edit]

The Darwin fish is a fish symbol with 'evolved' legs and feet attached, and often with the word 'Darwin' inside (like the ΙΧΘΥΣ or Jesus found in some Christian versions). It symbolizes the scientific theories of evolution, for which Charles Darwin laid a foundation, in contrast with creationism, which is a hallmark of American Christianity. The Darwin fish bears a stylized resemblance to Tiktaalik or Ichthyostega, which are major examples of a transitional fossil of the first tetrapod that moved from sea to dry land during the Late Devonian period.

Closely related to the original Darwin fish symbol is a fish with legs, the word 'evolve', and a hand that is holding a wrench. Another variant, the Darwin Awards fish, is a 'dead fish' floating belly-up with the words 'Darwin Awards' inside.

Responses[edit]

Christians, as well as the non-religious, have either responded to or made spin-offs of the Darwin fish. A design supporting a version of Old Earth Creationism that rejects biological evolution was made with a larger Jesus fish eating the Darwin fish. Sometimes, the larger fish contains letters that spell the word 'Truth'. A further development shows two fish, one with legs and labeled 'I evolved', the other legless and labeled 'You didn't'.

Another variant has a Darwin fish with an open mouth, carrying away a smaller, dead Jesus fish by its tail. Other variants depict an 'Evolution' or 'Darwin' fish swallowing an 'ΙΧΘΥΣ', 'Jesus' or 'Truth' fish; another version has a 'Science' fish swallowing a 'Myth' fish. Supporters of the theological concept of evolutionary creationism, also known as theistic evolution, have responded with a hybrid variant of the Jesus fish in which the word 'Jesus' is written inside an ichthus fish with stylized feet.

Still another variation has been offered by people who see no conflict between Christian belief and the evidence of science regarding evolution: a depiction of the Jesus fish and the Darwin fish kissing. Such images have been sold as bumper stickers and have also been improvised.^[5] The writer Michael Dowd, author of the book Thank God for Evolution, has been among the more prominent promoters of this image.^[6]

Criticism[edit]

Rhetorical scholar Thomas Lessl conducted a survey of users of the Darwin fish emblem. Based on their responses, he interprets the symbol as scientific 'blackface', a parody that is one part mockery and one part imitation.^[7] Lessl suggests that the 'various ideas that users plainly compress into this emblem are suggestive of scientism', and adds that the Darwin fish is an advertisement for the conflict thesis, an idea, which according to Lessl, is 'now thoroughly discredited by historians'.^[7]

Jonah Goldberg, in the Los Angeles Times criticized the Darwin fish, stating that:

I find the Darwin fish offensive. First there's the smugness. The undeniable message: Those Jesus fish people are less evolved, less sophisticated than we Darwin fishes. The hypocrisy is even more glaring. Darwin fish are often stuck next to bumper stickers promoting tolerance or admonishing random motorists that 'hate is not a family value.' But the whole point of the Darwin fish is intolerance; similar mockery of a cherished symbol would rightly be condemned if aimed at blacks or women or, yes, Muslims.^[8]

In the National Review, Goldberg further stated that 'one of the problems with the Darwin Fish is that it assumes all Jesus Fishers are Creationists. And I agree that this is one of the problems. But it is not the only one. The 'evolve' fish, I think has a double-meaning in that it suggests Christians should evolve from Christianity. I also think mucking about with the symbol of the fish is itself offensive because the symbol is sacred and has no secular counterpart.'^[9]

Science[edit]

The Science Fish is a parody of the traditional ichthys symbol that includes the addition of rocket stabilizer fins and is usually mounted or displayed at an angle as if launching into space.

Star Trek[edit]

The 'Trek Fish' was designed by Eugene 'Rod' Roddenberry Jr., the son of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry. His motivations for doing so were as follows:^{[citation needed]}

Over a year ago I came up with the idea of a TREK FISH while noticing all the religious fish symbols on everyone's car. I notice there were a number of variations that preached 'Creationism' and others that supported 'Darwinism'. I felt that the two were in conflict and a happy medium was needed. TREK FISH does not preach or support one over the other. To me, it simply says we can continue to discuss our origins but, as a species, should focus on the future..

Although still fish-shaped, with the legend 'TREK' inside, the 'fins' parody the iconic shape of the USS Enterprise.^[10]

Flying Spaghetti Monster[edit]

Advocates of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, or Pastafarianism, which was created in 2005 to protest the decision by the Kansas Board of Education to require the teaching of intelligent design, have designed their own version of the fish symbol, with the Flying Spaghetti Monster's characteristic 'noodly appendages' and eye stalks. Another more complicated design features the previously-mentioned 'Jesus fish eating Darwin fish' with the Flying Spaghetti Monster in turn attacking the Jesus fish.

Cthulhu[edit]

Cthulhu is a fictional giant creature, one of the Great Old Ones in H. P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos. It is often cited for the extreme descriptions given of its appearance, size, and the abject terror that it invokes. Cthulhu is often referred to in science fiction and fantasy circles as a tongue-in-cheek shorthand for extreme horror or evil. It also has been depicted in a parody of the ichthys.

Artgemeinschaft[edit]

The German Artgemeinschaft group, promoting racistneopaganism, uses a registered symbol showing an eagle catching an ichthys fish.^[11][12]

Fish-hungry sharks[edit]

In Egypt, many Coptic Orthodox Christians display the fish symbol on their vehicles as a sign of their faith, and Islamic fundamentalists responded with 'fish-hungry sharks', some including the phrase 'no god but Allah' within the body of the shark.^[4] One Egyptian Muslim was quoted in The Day as saying 'The Christians had the fish so we responded with the shark. If they want to portray themselves as weak fishes, OK. We are the strongest.'^[4]

Gefilte[edit]

A humoristic parody of the symbol is a fish with the word 'Gefilte' (/ɡəˈfɪltəfɪʃ/; from Yiddish: געפֿילטע פֿיש‎, 'filled fish') written in letters stylized to resemble Hebrewcalligraphy. This refers to gefilte fish, a common dish in Jewish cuisine; used on an automobile, it usually indicates that the driver of the car is culturally Jewish, if not religiously.

Edible fish[edit]

A parody commonly seen in areas populated by those of Norwegian descent, is a fish containing the word 'Lutefisk'.

Another parody shows only the lower tail fin, and contains the words 'n'Chips', a play on 'Fish and Chips'.

'Sushi' written inside the fish is one more variant.

References[edit]

1. ^Christian H. Bull, Liv Ingeborg Lied, John D. Turner, editors (2012). Mystery and Secrecy in the Nag Hammadi Collection and Other Ancient Literature: Ideas and Practices. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. p. 327. ISBN978-90-04-21207-7.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
2. ^ ^abTemperman, Jeroen (6 September 2012). The Lautsi Papers: Multidisciplinary Reflections on Religious Symbols in the Public School Classroom. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 43. ISBN9789004222519. It stands for or represents something other than itself, that something else being Jesus Christ. It is directed primarily at some audience that knows how properly to interpret the symbol. It is on one level a reference to our invocation of Christ's invitation in Matthew to become 'fishers of men'. But it incorporates additional means as well. The fish symbol is a pictorial representation of the Greek word Ichthys, which was itself used as an acronym for Iesous Christos, Theou Yios, Soter, meaning 'Jesus Christ, God's Son, Savior'. We also see variations on this Ichthys symbol. Some variations add feet to the fish and inscribe 'Darwin' in the body. Others make reference to sushi, sharks, the food chain, fast food, the devil or death. How are we to interpret these variations? These adaptations are themselves susceptible to multiple interpretations, ranging from humour to critique, to mocking derision, to blasphemy.
3. ^Hoover, Stewart M.; Clark, Lynn Schofield (January 2002). Practicing Religion in the Age of the Media: Explorations in Media, Religion, and Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 277. ISBN9780231120890. Atheists and freethinkers have a visible presence in the United States. Many encounter them first through seeing a Darwin's Fish bumper sticker on a car.
4. ^ ^abcMichael, Maggie (30 November 2003). 'Christian fish, Muslim shark swimming through Cairo traffic in war of stickers'. The Day. Retrieved 12 April 2015. First came the fish bumper stickers, imported from the United States and pasted on cars by members of Egypt's Coptic minority as a symbol of their Christianity. Before long, some Muslims responded with their own bumper stickers: fish-hungry sharks. The stickers are sold in Islamic bookshops and some also come plain or fancy – some with the Arabic phrase 'No god but Allah' printed in the shark's body. Emad, a Muslim, laughed when asked about the competing symbols but was unapologetic about the two shark stickers on his car. 'The Christians had the fish so we responded with the shark. If they want to portray themselves as weak fishes, OK. We are the strongest,' said Emad who would only give his first name.
5. ^Borgeson, Phina (2009, February 13).'Evolution and faith in dialogue.' Episcopal News Service. https://www.episcopalchurch.org/library/article/evolution-and-faith-dialogue
6. ^http://michaeldowd.org/photos/
7. ^ ^abLessl, Thomas M. (2007). 'The Culture of Science and the Rhetoric of Scientism: From Francis Bacon to the Darwin Fish'. Quarterly Journal of Speech. 93 (2): 123–149. doi:10.1080/00335630701426785. ISSN0033-5630.
8. ^Goldberg, Jonah (1 April 2008). 'Evolution of religious bigotry'. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
9. ^Goldberg, Jonah (2 April 2008). 'Jesus Fish Agonistes'. National Review. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
10. ^Image of the Roddenberry 'Trek Fish' from the Roddenberry website
11. ^Artgemeinschaft
12. ^Registration